Installation Art Essay

Out of the many ways in which we can view Installation Art, the term itself is not clearly defined. There are, however, different characteristics of it, and within this essay I will discuss the two most prevalent from my own point of view, and support my thoughts and opinions with examples from information we have encountered throughout this past semester. Although Installation Art has many qualities that it can be associated with, I believe that one which stands true above most is the fact that it Installation Art often casts the spectator as the protagonist. As we have seen throughout the semester, many different artist’s have employed their own ideas of what makes art Installation Art, yet from my own vantage point, it is only Installation Art if we create something for the spectator to walk into and ‘do’ something within the piece itself, as opposed to viewing it from a more museum like way, in order to create a more ‘authentic’ form of art. Lucas Samaras’s creation of ‘Room’, is a direct example of my thoughts on this characteristic of Installation Art. He wished to accommodate the viewer in his work. In this piece, he wished that the space of the piece become â€Å"a wholly immersive environment in which the space existed for the viewer to activate as an engaged and absorbed participant† (Bishop, 27). Installations should be geared toward first hand, real experiences by the viewer, and not illustrate simply a situation. Samaras’ ‘Room’ created this by having the items in the piece ‘fluid’, and not ‘glued-down’. ‘Room’, was a conglomeration of the artist’s own personal belongings reconstructed to mimic his own bedroom, in which the viewer could walk in, sit down on, and actually interact with the items, which, according to Samaras, created the ‘authentic’ quality of the art itself. As we view the characterstic of Installation Art as the spectator casted as the protagonist, we can now realize that, once again looking at Samaras’ ‘Room’, it addressed itself directly to the viewer, whose experience was not that of a detached onlooker, but was indeed the actual focus of the work itself. Samaras created a state of mind more than anything, in which the viewer was essentially in the first-person, and the subject actually will see things through their own ‘daydream’, which is nothing less than escape from a reality that is not completely suspended (in contrast to dreams while we are sleeping, in which we are suspended). According to Freud, a daydream is initially the expression of an unconscious fantasy, as a sort of ‘hallucinatory’ sense and is an escape from reality, which centers the viewer as the protagonist in the piece, because they are the one’s creating the art in which they see.

Spectroscopy Lab Report

cName: Nicholas CasselGen Chem 1210 23 March 2013 Blinded By the Light Abstract: In this experiment we were provided a cereal box spectrometer to observe the emission lines of noble gases and hydrogen. Based on the scale readings on the spectrometer and the Balmer-Rydberg formula, their wavelengths and percent error were able to be extrapolated. Based on the literature values, the cereal box spectrometer proved its value as a decently accurate spectrometer. Introduction: Every element and subsequent atom associated emits light; also know as electromagnetic radiation, when in an excited state.Analyzing this emitted light can give insight to the makeup and characteristics of them. The light given off by an energetically excited atom is not a continuous distribution of all possible wavelengths, but rather consists of a few wavelengths giving a series of discrete lines. Spectroscopy is the analysis of that emitted light and its dispersion into to it’s component wavelengths and col ors. Niels Bohr explained the discrete spectrum of hydrogen? by relating it to the electron. Normally the electron in the hydrogen atom is located in the first energy-level.When a hydrogen atom atoms gains energy, the electron moves from a lower energy-level to one of higher energy. The energy gained by the atom is exactly the amount of energy needed to move the electron from the lower energy-level to the higher energy-level. With its electron in a higher energy-level, the atom is now in an unstable, higher energy, excited state. The tendency is for electrons to occupy the lowest level available. So shortly after gaining the energy, the electron returns to a lower energy-level. Energy must be given up when this occurs, and the energy is lost as light.Each line in the emitted light of hydrogen represents the movement of an electron from a specific outer level to a specific inner one. We judge this emitted light against the electromagnetic spectrum with a spectrometer. A spectrometer is an instrument that gathers light particles (photons) and is able to determine the chemical make-up of the source. A spectrometer breaks up a beam of light into its component colors. Usually it uses a prism or a diffraction grating. Light goes in as a beam of white light and is split into a rainbow. Particular atoms generate light at particular frequencies (colors) and so can be identified in the lab.The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. This range extends from sub-radio waves to gamma rays. Visible light falls within this spectrum. The light emitted by each element is independently different and has different â€Å"colors† that can be seen on the spectrum. The Balmer-Rydberg formula is used to describe the emission lines of hydrogen across the entire spectrum and not just visible light. The purpose of this laboratory experiment is to see the emitted wavelengths of elements through a spectroscope and calculate th e wavelengths with the Balmer-Rydberg formula.Then with the calculations, relate them to the atom. I believe that with the correct calculations and comparisons the wavelengths, each emission line will be able to be determined. Experimental The procedures as per the lab manual page 258 (Grossie, Underwood, 2012) were to first calibrate our spectroscope with helium. Looking at helium through the spectroscope, the emission lines where seen and recorded. That data was then put into Microsoft Excel and put into a graph. From the graph a formula was extrapolated. The spectroscope was used to observe and record the fours spectral lines of hydrogen.The calibration plot from helium determine the wavelengths of each of the lines by extrapolation. Comparing the calculated wavelengths to those determined from the calibration plot, and then calculate the percent error for the values. Then the spectroscope was used to view the spectral lines of argon, krypton, neon and Xenon. These noble gasses a re then calculated in the same manner as hydrogen. Data Results The wavelengths (? ) for helium for the calibration were given to us in our lab manual on page 261 (Grossie, D. , et al. 2012). With the spectroscope, the helium in the discharge tube was observed. The emission line scale eading and colors were then recorded on table 1. 1 which can be found below. These values where then put into an excel spreadsheet and graph was formed (table 1. 2). An equation was then extrapolated from the data that would give the experimental wavelength (expt ? ) values that will be used for later values. The trend line for table 1. 2 was established to see the relationship between wavelength and scale readings. Expt ? =a ? +b Expt ? =7. 1541 ? + 343. 12 TABLE 1. 1 Helium Calibration ? (nm)| Scale Reading| Color| 667. 8| 45| Red| 587. 6| 35| Yellow| 501. 6| 22| Green| 492. 2| 20| Blue-green| 471. 3| 18| Blue| 47. 1| 15| Violet| TABLE 1. 2 Helium Calibration Graph Then, by measuring and calculating the emission lines in the hydrogen line spectrum, the data on table 1. 3 was collected. The calculated wavelength (Calc ? ) was determined by the Balmer-Rydberg formula. 1? =R(1m2-1n2) R=Rydberg Constant=1. 0968x107m-1 The percent error was then calculated by the following equation. error %=(calc ? -expt ? )calc ? The experimental wavelength (expt ? ) was determined with, Expt ? =7. 1541 ? + 343. 12 TABLE 1. 3 Hydrogen Emission Scale Reading| Color| Expt ? | m| n| Calc ? | ? % error|   |   |   | 1| 2|   |   | |   |   | 1| 3|   |   |   |   | 1| 4|   |   | 45| Red| 665. 05| 2| 3| 656. 11| 1. 36| 26| Green| 529. 12| 2| 4| 486| 8. 87| 13| Blue| 436. 12| 2| 5| 433. 94| 0. 5| 29| Indigo| 550. 58| 2| 6| 410. 07| 34. 26| |   |   | 3| 4|   |   | |   |   | 3| 5|   |   | |   |   | 3| 6|   |   | The measuring and calculating of the emission lines in the Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon line spectrums yielded the data on tables 1. 4-1. 7. The calcu lated wavelength (Calc ? ) was determined by the Balmer-Rydberg formula. 1? =R(1m2-1n2) R=Rydberg Constant=1. 0968x107m-1 The percent error was then calculated by the following equation. error %=(calc ? -expt ? )calc ?The experimental wavelength (expt ? ) was determined with, Expt ? =7. 1541 ? + 343. 12 TABLE 1. 4 Neon Emission Ne Scale Reading| Color| Expt ? | Calc ? | % error| 45| Red| 665. 05| 640. 2| 3. 88| 38| Orange| 614. 97| 607. 4| 1. 24| 35| Yellow| 593. 51| 588. 2| 0. 9| 27| Green| 536. 28| 540. 1| 0. 7| TABLE 1. 5 Argon Emission Ar Scale Reading| Color| Expt ? | Calc ? | % error| 10| Violet| 414. 66| 454. 6| 8. 78| 32| Yellow| 572. 05| 514. 5| 11. 18| 54| Red| 729. 44| 528. 7| 37. 96| TABLE 1. 6 Krypton Emission Kr Scale Reading| Color| Expt ? | Calc ? | % error| 30| Green| 557. 74| 476. 3| 17. 09| 13| Violet| 436. 12| 406. | 7. 31| 15| Blue Violet| 450. 43| 415. 4| 8. 43| 34| Yellow| 586. 35| 520. 8| 12. 58| TABLE 1. 7 Xenon Emission Xe Scale Reading| Color| Expt ? | Cal c ? | % error| 21| Green| 493. 35| 513. 1| 3. 84| 18| Blue| 471. 89| 464. 3| 1. 63| Discussion The helium trend line in table 1. 2 shows that as the longer the wavelength gets, higher the scale rating becomes. This is because the longer the wavelength is, the less energy it has. The emission lines of hydrogen were then observed and recorded on table 1. 3 with the scale readings. The m and n levels were already given to us on the table prior to the beginning of the lab.Using the Balmer-Rydberg formula, the wavelength could be calculated. Using the calibration of helium, the experimental calculation was able to be determined with the equation extrapolated from excel. The two results gave rise to the error calculations. Comparing the hydrogen results with tables 1. 4 – 1. 7, its can be seen that there is a trend of the longer the wavelength is, the more percent error there is. Through our cereal box spectrometers, the emission lines of the low energy waves viewed a the color red are more broad than that of the high energy waves because theirs are much longer respectively.This makes it more difficult to determine the exact scale reading. With the correct calculations as proposed, each emission line was able to be determined. Conclusion The ability to observe emission lines then decipher the element is a useful application in the fields of astronomy. Astronomers are able to view the emissions and determine the chemical make up of a specific object billions of miles away. The data collected indicated that as the lower the energy of the waves, there was a error percentage. This error is also from a cereal box spectrometer.It can be inferred that there is an inherent amount of decreased precision in assessing the scale readings. Future experiments could still make use of the cereal box but also have a laboratory quality spectrometer to compare accuracy too. There could be significant human error in the construction of the cereal box versions. The results of thi s experiment, bar any inaccuracy, where still in line of the calibrated helium. References: Grossie, D. & Underwood K. (2011). Laboratory Guide for Chemistry. â€Å"Atomic Spectrometry†, Wright State University. Dayton, OH.

Technology and HRM- A Better way of Managing your HR

Introductionâ€Å"Human† is the most essential and integral part of a society. The society comprises of all sorts of aspects related to life. These different aspects may include business, social work, entertainment, cultural traditions, family life and many more. These aspects are linked together in a connected system and they revolve around the main subject of all these aspects i.e. human.Business is the most important aspect of the system as the economy of the system is dependant on it. For businesses, human is the biggest asset of all and therefore it needs to be managed. Businesses at either private or public level have requirement of managing there human resources which comes under the vast field of Human Resource Management (HRM).The concept of HRM goes long way back in the 19th century. It has undergone various transitional phases since then and has improved. The birth of innovative technological methods and tools has given a spark to HRM by facilitating it and taking i t to an entirely different and better level then it was 100 years back.The implementation of the technology has improved the standards of businesses and its different sectors. It has enabled managers for better supervision of the employees, has raised performance and has inculcated elements of scrutiny, supervision, administration and better management all over.Hence, technology has become part and parcel of HRM. The maximum utilization and application of technology in HRM have yielded better results. As there is further advancement every now and then in technology, it can be assured that the future holds positive scope for HRM.This paper would highlight how HRM and technology are interlinked with each other. Apart from that it would show how technology has proved effective in various sectors specifically public sector and what upcoming there are in future.HRM As established before, humans are the greatest asset of an organization. These individuals contribute towards the accomplish ment of organizational goals and therefore they need to be planned, controlled, hired, fired, performance monitored and many other functions. All of these functions are performed for the achievement of organizational goals.The various functions that need to be covered under HRM include:Identification of staffing needs and methods i.e. whether to go for subcontracting or hiring of employees. This would give a layout as to what type and number of employees are required†¢ Recruitment, selection and training of the employees who undergo the screening process to be part of organization. The pool of skill is attracted, selected and polished to gain better performance.†¢ Compensation and benefits to employees in exchange of their services to organization†¢ Performance management which should highlight performance standards, ensure that these standards are met and if not then resolution of performance issues†¢ Ensuring that employees activities conform with organizationa l regulations and policies†¢ Maintaining employee records and policiesThese are the main activities that come under HRM department. In a nutshell, HRM department has to conduct job analysis which would further include Human Resource Planning as to what type and how many employees are required, then on this basis recruitment and selection would be conducted to get the best employees, these employees would be polished by training and would be compensated by salary and benefits, maintaining performance standards, ensuring that employees meet the various organizational regulations and health safety standards.Role of Technology in HRMThe summarized explanation of HRM and its purposes and functions reveal that there is lot of activities that needs to be performed by this department. The effective and efficient HRM has reached to complex stages. Question now arises is that how does technology helps in accomplishments of these purposes and performance of these functions?Technology has not only brought revolution but technology itself has revolutionized and improved then what it used to be at its initiation. Technology has proved an effective blessing in the managerial setup as it has come up with tools that have changed the working of employees, the roles undertaken by them and how they get their work done. Similarly, HRM is facilitated as the HR manager has found tons of utilization of technology for performance of HRM functions.Technology and HRM together combine to form processes and systems that are termed as HR Technology or Human Resource Management System. The combination deals as to merge HR activities and functions with technology tools in form of different data processing and software.The main software in this case is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software which is standardized software. Through this software a database is established with integration of various kinds of information. This database has Human Resource Module which has given an edge t o HRM.HRM requires keeping of records of employees. This has been enabled by HRM system as it has provided with different databases and system through which all past record, activity of employee, his skills, performances and all other relevant information can be stored and accessed to easily.Technology has enabled high automation of the processes and data. This has been achieved by use of mainframe computers and client servers. All this technology is capital sensitive and requires high amount of investment but as the technology improved and there came client servers and Application Service Provider which have given businesses an ease.There are various applications of HRM systems in relevance to HRM functions. There is a payroll module which as an automated payroll system. It supervises the employee’s monthly record, his attendance, taxes, deductions and all other payroll activities. All this is automated and after all the rapid calculations the final amount of pay is deduced. Apart from that there is work time system which facilitates to establish standard work time, gather work time information of every employee and his efforts. There is also benefits administration module which checks the degree of employee performance has contribution and accordingly decides on compensation, insurances, allowances and other benefits.There is an HRM module which covers various activities and aspect of the human resource management cycle from its initial level of applying of an employee to his retirement. This module keeps records of applicants, capabilities and skills, then the selection, training and compensation management.Apart from that most famous application of technology for HRM is the online recruitment system. Through this organizations advertise their vacancies and requirements to attract potential candidates to apply. There is also a Learning Management Software which comes under the training module which is used to cater to the training of employees to see how they improve and develop more towards organizational goals (HR Management, 2010).The above are some of the main applications of technology in the field of HRM. There are many other applications as well which have helped organizations to standardize and improve their HRM departments. Businesses from all the different sectors have utilized the technological aids for their assistance and have yielded more effective and efficient results. Technology and HRM are therefore part and parcel and it is necessary for any organization to adopt innovative technological measures and methods to reap good fruit for its HRM as HRM is the main heart core function of the entire organization.HR Technology in different sectors HRM and Technology, or HR Technology is utilized in different sectors across the globe. Though it has different scope and dimensions which vary from country to country but nevertheless we see HR technology being used in one way or another in different components of these secto rs.The main two sectors classified are known as private and public sectors. In simple terms private sector includes business operated by an individual without the state interference and control for profit. In contrast public sector is controlled by the government state and includes services for the citizens. In both sectors we see that HR technology has its dynamics and applications. A special emphasis would be laid on public sector.Private Sector In private sectors there come many educational institutes, health centers, services industry, businesses and many others that are run for profit as well as the well being of the citizens. We see that in all these components of private sectors there is a need to supply of human resources and also important is that these human resources should be managed in form of proper training and other managerial activities. In all of these components, HR technology is witnessed.The first requirement for them is human resource. For this they advertise f or recruitment of the potential candidates through online recruitment methods. After this the CVs and resumes of the applicants are gathered online and scrutinized. HR technology helps feeding in the criteria for hiring online and then these CVs are arranged according to this criterion in chronological order. This facilitates selection stage. The mails are generated through this system automatically to the selected candidates. Then these candidates undergo training modules through different learning software which they apply. The record of their compensation and benefits is maintained in form of payroll modules. An entire HRM module is also there which covers all the activities from step 1 to last step.Public Sector As discussed earlier, public sector involves government i.e. it is services provided by the government. Public sector has varying components from nation to nation. Commonly, every state includes military, police, education, healthcare, society services, public education and public roads and transits.In all these components of the public sector there is a need of proper human resources to run these areas and these human resources need to be managed. HRM is seen in the form of government plans for proper execution and setup of HR plans. The most important of these components undoubtedly is health sector which requires highest expenditure on human resources.The human resource in health sector is in the form of administrative and managerial staff, doctors, specialists and lower medical staff. There is software available for health sector. This software performs various HR activities. The software provide various HR solutions in the form of user defined answers to the medical problems as well as it provides integration of the entire HRM system in form of HR solutions, Staff Scheduling, Payroll and covers the entire stages from hire to retire.There are many different examples that can be quoted here such as SAP Environment, Health and Safety Management. This ensures that the Environment, Health and Safety standards are followed properly by the HR and that they comply with it. There are other examples such as Quadrant HR which is also a tool with integrated HR solutions for health care.The use of this HR technology has improved the health sector and has eased the managerial problems. Through this, the chances of errors in staffing and payroll have decreased and also it has reduced operational expenditure for governments.There are other examples as well which show how HR technology has helped the Public Sector. There are public sector organizations on various levels such as provincial, national or international levels that require HRM systems. They require some regulatory standards and develop systems and processes through which these standards can be followed. Apart from that there is need of all the HR activities of managing records of employees, payroll, scheduling, benefit administration and all other related HR work.For this pur pose a company PeopleSoft has an HRMS for public sector. This HRMS has enabled the compliance with the regulatory standards and has also fulfilled all other requirements in form of Human Resources, Benefits Administration FSA System, Payroll, Payroll Interface applications and Human Resource Budgeting. Apart from that, their latest release includes a more advanced Web Client and an integrated Online Analytical Processing (The Free Library, 1997).These are few examples which show that how effective the use of technology can prove if the technology is used effectively. HRM and technology work together and together they create a positive impact that is not only flourishing the public sector but all other sectors where there is always application of HR technology.These facts show that the future holds prosperous prospects for HR technology in all the fields of a nation as there will always be a need of human resources and their effective management. The next section of the paper will sh ed some more light on the future prospects of HR technology.Future of HR TechnologyThe future of HR technology can without doubt be said is good because the conditions around the globe are changing rapidly. The companies must have flexible operating tools at hand to cope up with these changes.Technology offers the element of flexibility and change to the HRM in form of technologically capable adaptive tools and HRM systems. These systems not only offer effective results but also capability to take on these changes and challenges. But there is always a room of improvement which can be made in HR technology as well.Improvements can be brought in the form of implementation of better technology by the time. Whenever there is launch of a new technological package which can be helpful to the companies, they must explore it and try to implement it in a way that would facilitate the HR activities.There can be launch of further tools such as Talent Management tools, Strategic HR planning too ls, outsourcing components, better payroll systems, online recruitment system, HRM systems, HR modules and overall an entire HR package.The future of HR technology would have to come up with tools that entail the entire business strategy and accordingly formulate an HR strategy so that it is made sure that organizational goals and HR activities are aligned. This can be possible by developing HRM systems whose processes are not only measurable but they also take it to the entirely different and better level of sophistication.The future of HR technology focuses on bringing together business and believes in the formation of more integrated functionality. There are components like portals, business intelligence (BI) and talent. These components would solely not be very effective, but if they are integrated, their combined effect would yield good results. There must be specific attention towards talent management along with portals and business intelligence which would enhance the future scope of HR technology for the globe (Systematic HR, 2006).There are future projects on hand which incorporate the use of technology to enhance the HRM. The effective implementation of these projects would guarantee success of HR technology in future.Conclusion Human is the basic element of the universe and it is around him that the Earth revolves. Human is a part of society which is part of economy which further is part of the country. Business is the most important aspect of the system as the economy of the system is dependant on it. Hence human is the main resource through which businesses operate, societies flourish, economies prosper and countries improve.Therefore there is requirement of managing the human resources which comes under the vast field of Human Resource Management (HRM). The infusion of HRM with technology has improved the standards of businesses and its different sectors. It has enabled managers for better supervision of the employees, has raised performance and has inculcated elements of scrutiny, supervision, administration and better management all over.There are many HR activities which start from advertising online for recruitment, selection, training, compensation, benefits and many more. Technology has facilitated in the form of many different technological tools such as online recruitment, payroll module, training module, benefit administration, HRM system, HR module and many more.There are many other applications as well which have helped organizations to standardize and improve their HRM departments. Businesses from all the different sectors have utilized the technological aids for their assistance and have yielded more effective and efficient results. Technology and HRM are therefore part and parcel and it is necessary for any organization to adopt innovative technological measures and methods to reap good fruit for its HRM as HRM is the main heart core function of the entire organization. The application of these technological aids has not only facilitated HR activities but has also yielded effective and efficient results.HRM and Technology, or HR Technology is utilized in different sectors across the globe. The main two sectors are public and private. In components such as military, police, education, healthcare, society services, public education and public roads and transits there is wide range of technological application and aids that we witness for facilitation of HR activities.These facts show that the future holds prosperous prospects for HR technology in all the fields of a nation as there will always be a need of human resources and their effective management. The improved and new technological aids in future can even further widen the horizon of HR technology in the form of innovative tools such as talent management, business intelligence and many others.ReferencesHR Management. (July, 2010). Technology Aids the Human Touch.   Retrieved on July 22, 2010, from, http://www.hrmreport.com/article /Technology-aids-the-human-touch/Systematic HR. (June, 2006). The future of HR Technology. Retrieved on July 22, 2010, from, http://systematichr.com/?p=439The Free Library. (1997). PeopleSoft Delivers HRMS for Public Sector Release 7.   Retrieved on July 22, 2010, from, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/PeopleSoft+Delivers+HRMS+for+Public+Sector+Release+7-a020064725

Midwest Healthcare System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Midwest Healthcare System - Assignment Example Mr. Wimple, chief operating officer, is the most valuable source of information since he is dealing directly with the management of the resources and funds resulting in the profit or the loss.   Strategies can be formulated with the assistance of the Mr. Wimple for more efficient running of the organization. Dr. Spock, medical director, responsible for the services and program being provided by the healthcare system, can highlight the economic success in relation to the efficient and affordable medical treatments and services. Ms. Bobcat, vice president of nursing, helps in confirming that the nursing staff is capable and responsible enough to work within the budget of healthcare systems. Also, to check if the incentives and pays provided to the nurses are be sufficient. The information gathered from the team can be gathered to formulate effective solutions for generating profits. As a CFO of the healthcare system, a financial budget will be prepared, with the approval for the implementation of Mr. Hazard, the CEO of Midwest Healthcare system.   The goal of the plan is the investment of the financial aids to generate revenues and cover expenditures. The information gathered from Mr. Wimple, ensures that the budget plan will operate effectively even in unexpected situations. Dr. Spock and Ms. Bobcat should be able to help in making the working of the budget plan successful and to ensure that the nursing staff and medical treatments are within the new budget plan.

Critically evaluate using examples the issue of stop and search and Essay

Critically evaluate using examples the issue of stop and search and discuss how the police have administered their powers effectively in their effort to combat - Essay Example Modern world is chock-full of complexities and this has its reflections in every constituent of the society including criminology. â€Å"Crime control is in crisis. Not only have levels of crime risen, but crime is increasingly regarded as a normal aspect of the social and economic system, rather than as disruption or deviance† (Lea, 2003). The police, in their efforts to check the number of crimes, have adopted various policies and the government gives utmost support to these efforts. In spite of these measures the amount of crime and violence is all but checked. Rather, many of the police procedures raise voice of discomforts among the general public. The case of controlling internal violence is not different. â€Å"Nevertheless, the police ability to control domestic violence is . . . limited and Conditional.† (Sherman, 1992, p. 247-248). A critical discussion on stop and search and the police administration of powers not only help us identify the efficiency of the s ystem in combating crime but more importantly make out the issues of criminology as a whole. Administered properly, stop and search is one of the most effective tools of policing in combating crime and thereby ensuring internal safety and security. Crime is an inevitable characteristic of every society and has been one of the primary concerns of the society at every age. Especially in the modern scenario, we find a renewed instability and conflict and an amounting threat to the material survival of the planet. â€Å"Crime is a central feature of this grim scenario as it progressively loses its status as a clearly identifiable disruption of the normal peaceful processes of social, political and economic life to become a core element of those processes themselves† (Lea, 2003). It is, therefore, necessary that the ever amounting number of crime and its related situation is addressed and studied in order to

NO TOPIC JUST DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

NO TOPIC JUST DISCUSSION QUESTIONS - Dissertation Example It is one’s contention that the change was managed successfully paving the way for various suppliers and customers to take advantage of advanced communication, computer, and mobile services at increasing volume and decreasing costs. Despite the efficiency and success of contemporary organizations in the industry, future challenges come in terms of continued reliability and sustainability of the system as well as controls in costs of both telecommunications equipment and services. Discussion Question 2: The force field analysis is a viable tool to initiate changes at work through the identification and evaluation of both driving forces and forces of resistance. As indicated, through brainstorming, one is made to clearly itemize these forces and determine which force/s have greater intensities that could assist in the accomplishment of identified change goals.

Service Marketing and Product Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Service Marketing and Product Marketing - Essay Example Example, if a car manufacturer sells extended warranty services against a car model the marketing aspects of such services are related with the performance of the product in the market segment and hence if the product is already selling successfully, the associated service packages can be sold without many problems. However, if services are sold independent of products then their marketing strategies need to be different. Coviello and Brodie et al. (2002. pp42) presented an empirical generalization that the companies selling products engage with their customers in more transactional manner whereas the companies selling services engage with their customers in more relational manner. In fact if the work done by these researchers is analyzed closely, it reveals that the fundamental difference lies in the way the methodology of marketing is chosen - whether for products or for services. The researchers presented four methodologies of marketing - Transaction Marketing, Database Marketing, Interaction Marketing and Network Marketing. The choice of markets depends upon the way cash flow is expected from the consumers to the firm - one time or recurring. Any marketing strategy targeting regular cash flow from consumers will prefer relationship marketing. Some marketing strategists prefer to adopt pluralistic approach of accompanying both relationship & transactional marketing depending upon the demands of the market segments. Example, low cost products & services may be promoted more through transactional marketing while premium products & services may be promoted more through relationship marketing. Database & network marketing are relatively complex and hence are of lesser preference among marketing professionals. Is Product or Services marketing fundamentally related Coviello and Brodie et al. (2002. pp42) argued that empirically the services & product marketing areas have been treated differently. The engagement channels are more in services marketing than products marketing. Moreover, usage of IT enabled tools result in more impact on customers in the services marketing than product marketing. This is because the expectations of customers from services are more complex than from products. Krishnan and Ramaswamy et al. (1999. pp 1197-1200) presented a detailed research on customer satisfaction in banking & financial services industry. They presented that unlike manufacturing industries that produce fully tangible products, the financial services industry offers productized services that are delivered through multiple channels to the customers and hence the span of customer expectations widens given that their frequency of interactions with the companies are much more. In case of products, a consumer may call the service lines only if a fault or defect is detected or else some usability features are not clear. These transactions are one time in nature that may occur few times in a year. However, in services industries the customers interact with the companies too often whereby their experience in every interaction counts in building the perceptions. Hence, in case of service

Self-Regulation and graduate students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self-Regulation and graduate students - Essay Example The research scope is based on The McClelland theory (Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, p. 15). This identifies the presence of nAch - need for achievement, nAff - need for affiliation, and nPower - need for power in themselves and in others to be able to create work environments that are responsive to respective need profiles. The aim of this project is to establish what components of the common graduate student's internal and external environment and how this may impact their ability to self-regulate in the learning environment, based on the graduate student's perspective. This can be considered important because, while anyone can read about motivation, understand the actual environment that supports internal motivation can lead to a better understanding of how to create a self-regulated learning environment. The final results will allow for an environmental perspective on the forces that guide the graduate student towards self-learning or away from it. Understanding how the internal and external environment impacts the graduate student's capability to be a self-regulated learner can assist in developing stronger methodologies and resources for the graduate student. McClelland's theory describes three different types of personalities and the techniques that motivate them. "A high-need achiever will prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback, a high-need affiliator is drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication. The high-need-for-power type seeks "influence over others and likes attention and recognition" (Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, p. 15). The need for achievement is defined by Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn as, "the desire to do something better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks" and is commonly referred to as "nAch" (2003). McClelland has developed his Theory of Acquired Needs. He states that amongst our needs is the need for affiliation (nAFF). The need for affiliation is "the desire to establish and maintain friendly and warm relations with others." Need for Achievement (as internal motivation) Bruce Tuckman at the The Ohio State University presented his Tripartite Model of Motivation for Achievement: Attitude/Drive/Strategy* to the Symposium: Motivational Factors Affecting Student Achievement - Current Perspectives. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Boston, August 1999. He presents the need for achievement as the following: "a model of motivation for achievement that includes three generic motivational factors that influence outcome attainment : (1) attitude or belief about one's capability to attain the outcome; (2) drive or desire to attain the out

Marks and Spencers Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marks and Spencers Competitive Advantage - Essay Example This paper illustrates that strategic management is related to the complexity which arises from ambiguous as well as non-routine circumstances organization-wide. It is an important management technique for the managers to control the available resources of the business organization on a day-to-day basis for the development of the company. Since strategic management is related to the difficult and complex issues of a business organization under consideration; therefore these issues also include business decisions and judgments. These decisions and judgments are based on the conceptualization of complex issues. The business-level strategy of the company is an important issue of strategic management for any organization which helps the company to acquire the greater competitive advantage in the market. The business-level strategies comprise of two sets. The first set of strategy is related to the ‘bases of competitive strategy’. This set of strategies included competitive b usiness strategies related to prices of goods and services, product and quality differentiation and hybrid and focus. The second set of strategies includes business strategies which are related to the aim of the business organization to achieve competitive advantage. These strategies include sustainability strategies, hypercompetitive strategies, and collaboration strategies. Competitive strategy is regarded as the most important element which is applied by business organizations to acquire the greater competitive advantage in the market. This strategy includes pricing strategies, differentiation strategies etc. to achieve the desired goal. These strategies affect the preference and choice patterns of customers and thus help the business unit to reach its desired destination of higher competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is acquired by business units through effective differentiation of products based on proper environmental and societal conditions and performances.

Commodity Marketing and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Commodity Marketing and Risk Management - Essay Example Market risk. Of all the risk that deserves regular tracking by management, the market risk may be one of the most important. The market can change and no organization is immune to the ebbs and flows the marketplace. Market risk includes the risk of not having a viable market for the product or commodity. For example, if a producer grows his crop without a contract, he faces the risk of not having a market for the crop. Contract. Contract risk is the risk of contact default by the producer or the contractor. Several component contract risks are contract default, contract termination, not understanding contract terms, product contract violators and payment risk. If the contractor is unable to pay, it may leave the producer in the position of an unsecured creditor. Terminator of a contract can also generate serious losses. This is especially true when the producer has incurred high production expenses. Where bailment contracts or personal service contracts are used, the conditions for terminating by the contractor can be viewed as a risk factor. Investment. Investment risk is the risk associated with returns on a long-term asset. There are two main components of investment risk: variability in returns and loss of the asset. Variability in returns is the result of an annual change in the costs of revenue associated with the asset. Loss of the asset may be a result of the fire, or other peril, and is often covered by property insurance. Yield risk is simply the risk of lower than expected production. ... If the contractor is unable to pay, it may leave the producer in the position of unsecured creditor. Terminator of a contract can also generate serious losses. This is especially true when the producer has incurred high production expenses. Where bailment contracts or personal service contracts are used, the conditions for terminating by the contractor can be viewed as a risk factor. Financial Risk Investment. Investment risk is the risk associated with returns on a long-term asset. There are two main components of investment risk : variability in returns and loss of the asset. Variability in returns is the result of annual change in the costs of revenue associated with the asset. Loss of the asset may be a result of fire, or other peril, and is often covered by property insurance. Production Risk Yield risk is simply the risk of lower than expected production. For example, a farmer's produce is affected by factors such as weather, variety risk, unknown yield crop and pest pressure. Relationship Risk Relationship risk is the risk of adversely affecting relationship with buyers, supplies or other resource providers that are critical to the success of the operation several sources of relationship risk are: Landlord - access to land Lender - access to capital Supplier - access to critical supplies including genetics, production technology and knowledge. Buyer processor - access to markets, revenue opportunities, and market knowledge. Marketing Strategies to Avoid the Risk The best way to manage risk is by developing a strategic plan using the full range of risk management tools available. Some of the known risk management strategies are: Product Diversification One of the most important tasks a marketer

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Example for Free

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Introduction Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels were great supporters of communism and were opposed to the capitalism way of economic system because they believed that it was a way of exploiting the poor and benefiting the rich in the society[1]. They did a lot of work as philosophers in addressing religious, political and economic issues. Karl Mark and Engels were supporters of communism and criticized the capitalism economy which was being advocated for by the developed countries. Thesis; communist economy is better than the capitalist economy. There has always been a conflict between the counties in the west and the Eurasia on the way economic policies should be set with countries like the US supporting capitalism while the countries that were formally soviet union oppose it and want continue with the communism way.   To critically assess the reasons why communism is better than capitalism, the following is the analysis of negative impact of capitalism and the advantages of the communist economy according to Karl Marx and Engels. The most notable writing is the communist manifesto. Communist Manifesto In 1848, Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels came together to write the   communist manifesto which was a proclamation of the unavoidable failure of the capitalist economy and wake up call to the workers all over the world[2]. The manifesto was commissioned by the communist league in England. Capitalism described as the economic scheme where there is free market of capital i.e. facilities and money, the natural resources and labor (production)[3]. This kind of system allows individual entities like people and companies to the business owners and not the central government. They run the production lines, make much profit as possible since they are also the decision makers of the issues that are affecting the production of goods and services plus the sale of the same[4]. Communism on the other hand is described as an economic system which allows the distribution of the countries resources with the intent of creating a non stratified society. In this type of economy, the government owns the production means and there are no private entities that own the same business or industry. Communism is intimately associated with a German philosophy, Karl Marx because he was an activists and an economist and wrote so much literature about communism and criticizing the capitalism. In his works, he put forward postulations that capitalism would be overthrown and ultimately replaced by communism. Since the individual ownership of the means of production would lead to exploitation, Karl Marx advocated for communism arguing that though the communism may vary from country to country, the following beneficial characteristics would still remain[5]; the planning, production and other operations in agriculture and industry are centrally organized, the system does not put up with opposition from other viewpoints and that only one political party runs the government. Communism developed as reaction of employees to the unacceptable working conditions during the emergence and the increased industrial revolution according to Marx and Engels. In Marx’s view, capitalist should[6] give a chance to socialism a chance to excel because capitalism was deemed to fail the economy because it would create two rivalry classes in the society of the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not† hence a new economic system would emerge and replace the capitalism[7]. Though not popular in the 19th century, the communist manifesto became widely used and read document as people sought to actually establish the most efficient economic system during the era of industrial revolution.   As discussed by Marx and Engels, the communism economy would come as a scientifically proofed issue and according to the historic changes of phenomena as continuous processes. Feudalism grew and as expected it had to transform giving rise to mercantilism which also naturally translated to capitalism, from this reasoning, Karl Marx expected that the supporters of the capitalist economy would accept change as it was inevitably going to take place with capitalism transforming to socialism (communism). Economy under Capitalism In the manifesto of communism, Marx and Engels argue that employment would be greatly affected by the owners of the means of production. It also addresses the idea of ownership of private property and idea of communism. The employees are depicted to be suffering from alienated labor; the alienation of labor is categorized in to four groups[8]; first, as soon as the product is made it is immediately taken away from the creator; second, the workers are exploited in the production line (too much work un-proportional to the pay), third, the human beings are meant to work and increase productivity blindly and not in agreement with the normal human nature (from species being), finally, mutual satisfaction of the human needs is replaced by the benefit resulting from the exchange of the products (from other beings). Marx analyses the Hegelian deduction of types of economies to explain how all the categories (salaries, rent, profits etc) were all alienated as a consequence of alienation of the human nature in the capitalist economy. This is because the structure of the economic system ultimately ends up dictating the way people come to live their lives in future, their behavior and determines the possible actions to be taken to stay on top. For instance, in the event that a capitalist economist intention is to remain in the industry (business venture) then he has to exploit the employees to the legal limit. The capitalist will definitely end up being a ruthless exploiter despite being wracked by guilt or not because of the need to stay in control of the economy and apparently everything.   On the same note, employees are forced to take on the work offer as there are no sensible alternatives. Marx and Engels insist that it is for this reason that people have to rise above such oppression and take the bull by its horns so as to have a collective control of their way of life in terms of economy and societal development. Commodity production is another aspect that is addressed by Marx as being used for exploitation. Commodity in the economy and business definitions is the product produced with an intention of exchange for legal tender or money in the market, as there exists a market, the product can be exchanged and that there is division of labor where a variety of products are produced, otherwise there would be no incentive for the exchange. With this kind of reasoning then, a commodity is described in terms of use and value. The use is easily understood, but the value becomes a complex issue to deal with and the relative value for the exchange has to be elaborated. For instance why does some amount of a product exchange for a different amount of another product? The elaboration has to cover the labor input during production of the product or rather the socially obligatory effort put in at average level of intensity to yield the commodity[9]. This is where the labor theory understanding and interpretation plays a big role, and it states that the quantity of socially essential work time needed to produce the commodity should be the determinant of its worth. In Marx view, this argument has two stages and the first is, to say if two items are compared by equations with an equal sign, there should be a third item of identical amount in both to which they are reducible and which is common, the second stage is to look for the suitable ‘third element’ and in this case labor is the only reasonable element[10]. Labor force is therefore likely to be exploited in order to increase the value of the commodity as the use remains constant. Capitalism is idiosyncratic; the capitalist economist does not only rely on the exchange of products as the source of profits but rather the progression of wealth, in the form of cash, with the intension of profit making by means of trading in the products and changing them into other products which can cost higher prices and generate more profits. According to Marx and Engels, no previous scholars have been able to clearly give an explanation of how capitalism as a whole would generate profits. There solution is that, the capitalists exploit the labor from employees, they buy employees labor effort for the day. The price (value) of the product is established by the same means that is, the socially essential labor force needed to make the product. In such an instance, the day’s labor effort is the worth of the products required to keep the employee alive for one day. Taking for example a situation where commodities take about five hours to create, the   first five hours of the day would be used up on creating value that is equal to the worth of the salaries the employees would be compensated, this is the necessary labor. Any other labor done above this is termed as surplus labor and it only benefits the capitalist economist to make surplus value for the profits. The analysis done by Marx reveal that labor called the variable capital and this because it is the only resource that can create more value than it is worth. Other items basically pass their value to the final processed product but cannot create any additional value and hence referred to as the constant capital. Profits generated by the capitalists are a result of employees working past the necessary labor to create value for the employer. This is the theory of profits as far as the surplus value of labor is concerned. The rate of profit making is bound to fall as the industry increases its mechanization under the capitalist economy, by the use of more constant capital and little variable. As it has already been established that labor is the only resource that can add value to a commodity, less advancement on labor as a result of less capital will translate to a fall in the profits. Marx emphasized on the shamed labor and value of commodity[11]. Labor Theory and Value The analysis of Marx and Engels basically emphasized on the reward of labor power and the other forces of production means, basically such resources as land and technology are necessary for production. The analysis of Marx differentiated the history of the means of production for instance the European nations developed from a feudal mode of producing products to capitalist economy. Marx believed that change would come at a fast rate because of the advance in technology. The understanding of the social relations of production to be involving groups of people who are classified based on the wealth they own or their income (social classes)[12]. Commodity fetishism is a description of what Engels termed as false consciousness and is intimately associated with the understanding of the ideology. The ideology was used to imply the ideas of the specific people (class) at a point in time in history[13]. Marx and Engels did not describe only the belief as half truth but as the most important political operation. This explains the way a class can control the production means in food and other manufactured goods, they contribute the ideas of production. People in capitalist are alienated from their own labor investment. The alienation of the labor power as expressed by the Marxist supporters indicates it as the major feature of capitalism resulting in commodity fetishism. Before the emergence of the capitalist economy in the European market, many people who operated their businesses as producers or merchants used to purchase goods and resell them to earn profits. The development of the capitalist economy came as a result of treating labor force as a commodity in itself; the peasants were allowed to exchange labor force with money from the rich people because they did not own any land which they could use to produce food from agriculture[14]. People were being paid according to the time they worked (they were selling labor and not commodity). Those who were in possession of land and the means of production were called bourgeois and they are the capitalists while the peasants who had to sell their labor power for survival were called proletarians[15]. The difference between the industrial capitalist and merchants is that the merchants purchase goods and resell them at some higher cost to earn profits depending on the changes of the laws of demand and supply in the market. The merchant practices arbitrage between markets while the industrialist capitalist exploit the labor market and the product under production[16]. For any profits to be created there has to be a surplus in labor market and value surplus. Capitalism on the other hand can be very productive and develop very fast because of the enticement to reinvest profits in the developing technology and capital facilities. It is also the most innovative economic system as it has always changed the means of production and caused notable improvements. With an attempt to cut down the labor cost, the capitalist economists are likely to invest more in the new technology and as a result considerably cut down the labor cost (less labor)[17]. Since Marx and Engels believed that the profits were from surplus labor, they also concluded that the profits would fall. Conclusion Marxism opposed capitalist and encouraged a move to communism (socialism) in which the economy distributes the resources equally to everybody in the community (nation). It does not promote private possession of assets and business.    References Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing Mark K. Engels F. (2007). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy Vol. 3 Part 1. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Cosimo Moore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937). Marxism vs. Liberalism. An interview. New Century Publishers. New York retrieved on 5th February 2009 from http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/cc835_44.htm . [1] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [2] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). Capital. A Critique of Political Economy Vol. 3 Part 1. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Cosimo. [3] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. [4] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). n 2 [5] Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937). Marxism vs. Liberalism. An interview. New Century Publishers. New York retrieved on 5th February 2009 from [6] Stalin J. Wells H.G (1937) n 4 [7] Mark K. Engels F. (2007). n 2 [8] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers. [9] Mark K. Engels F. (2007) n 2 [10] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [11] Mark K. Engels F. (2007) n 2 [12] Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis [13]Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003). Marx and Modernity. Key Readings and Commentary. Blackwell Publishing [14]Preston P.W. (1982). N 11 [15] Preston P.W. (1982). Theories of Development. Taylor Francis [16] Antonio R.J Cohen. (2003) n 6 [17] Mooore S.W. (1957). The Critique of Capitalist Democracy. An Introduction to the Theory of the State in Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Whitman Publishers.

The Influence of Chinese Culture on Buddhism Essay Example for Free

The Influence of Chinese Culture on Buddhism Essay Buddhism was originally developed in India and brought to China over the silk road, and later to some extent through southeast Asia around the first century A.D.. This was during a time when the then reigning Han dynasty was in a state of chaos and Confucianism was being discredited by some intellectuals. The Chinese people therefore came to identify Confucianism with the failing dynasty, and sought a new ideology to take place of stale Confucian thinking. The exact date of the coming of Buddhism to China is unknown, but by 64 A. D. Buddhist monks had introduced written scripture into China. At first Buddhism was not popular in China. Interest took several centuries to grow because of Buddhisms incongruities with Chinese thought, as well as translation problems (Sanskrit to Chinese). Because Buddhism first entered through Chinas trading routes with Central Asia, it was seen as the religion of foreign merchants. Consequently, Large scale translation of Buddhist texts did not truly get under way until the 6th to 8th centuries A.D. This resulted in the wider distribution of Buddhism being delayed several centuries. Buddhism was difficult for the Chinese to accept because it was mysterious and hard to understand. Not straight-forward like Confucian teachings, more like the ambiguity of Taoism (Jin 1), also. it was foreign. Moreover, Buddhism did not focus on problems of state as Confucianism did, and because the study of Confucianism was required material for the exams of public office, practical males preferred its study to that of Buddhism. Moreover, the Buddhist stress on personal fulfillment (even the Buddha left his family to search for revelation (Jin 1)) seemed counterintuitive to the Chinese values of family and ancestor worship. As the religion became more widespread the Chinese people began to adapt distinctly Chinese forms of Buddhism. There were three major types of Chinese Buddhism. The first was Pure Land Buddhism and it was started by Hui Yuan; this type of Buddhism focused on devotion to the Amitabha Buddha  in the belief that after death they would be born again in Western Paradise (Pure Land). In this religion worship of the Bodhisattva Guan-Yin was also very important (Jin). Chan or Zen Buddhism was founded by Hui-neng. It was hostile toward all scripture and dogma. The Zen Buddhists meditated on illogical riddles in order to gain enlightenment (Jin). Chih-I founded Tien Tai Buddhism whose primary emphasis was placed on the recitation and study of the Lotus Sutra (Jin). To thrive in China, Buddhism had to be transformed into a system that could exist within the Chinese way of life. Thus,  obscure Indian sutras that advocated filial piety became core texts in China. Buddhism was made compatible with ancestor worship and participation in Chinas hierarchical system. Works were written arguing that the salvation of an individual was a benefit to that individuals society and family, and monks thus contributed to the greater good. (Wikipedia, Buddhism in China) Popular Chinese Buddhism therefore, was fairly removed from the ideals that came from India. The basic ideas of karmic retribution, samsara, and nirvana came through intact, but in order to make Buddhism more palatable to the Chinese, it had to be adapted to their preexisting beliefs such as those previously mentioned. The portrayal of the netherworld in popular Chinese Buddhism highlights these changes in several ways. The Chinese not only translated Buddhist texts, but also began to directly associate the Buddhist ideas of the netherworld with those conceptions already popular in China. To begin, the (pre-Buddhist) Chinese believed in the [Taoist] concept of a world of the dead usually thought to be located beneath Mt. Tai in Shantung (Gjertson #1, 118). However, according to Professor Gjertson, the idea of hell as a location for punishment was due to the influence of Buddhism, and was not see in literature until the 6th century, where it is seen in Taoist scriptures. Also in popular Chinese Buddhist works the hells take on the anatomy of the then current bureaucratic and physical structures of China. Or, as Gjertson in his article entitled Popular Buddhism and Karmic Retribution describes, The nether world, at least superficially, was  conceived as a construct physically and bureaucratically similar to the world of the living (Gjertson 134). Often, someones death was likened to a live person being called to serve an office. For example in the story of Tuan Tzu-ching in which one of two inseparable friends, Liang, dies suddenly and when he arrives in the ghost realm he discovers that the position of Chief Clerk (a very prestigious position) has become available. Liang immediately suggests his (living) friend Tuan for the position. King Yama, the king of the dead, then looked at Tuans record and discovered that Tuan was not scheduled to die until he was ninety-seven, and he was then just thirty-two so he allowed Liang to visit his friend and invite him to take this office in the netherworld. Tuan agrees, and three days later he dies in order to take up his new position as Chief Clerk in the netherworld. This story shows a person literally dying in order to gain a bureaucratic appointment. Mentioned in Tale Number 19, Sui Jen-chien, is a description of the physical similarities between the netherworld and the world of the living. A ghost explains to a man that he serves as administrator of Lin-hu. The man, inquires of the whereabouts of the area and the name of its king and is told, The state of Lin-hu comprises everything northwest of the Yellow River The capital is northwest of Lou-fan, in the desert. The King used to be King Wu-ling of the Chao, but he now controls this country. Everything is under the administration of Mt. Tai and every month the highest ministers are sent there to attend court (Gjertson #3, 196). Directly referenced here are specific locations in the netherworld which seem to correspond to the living world. The ghost says, the King used to be King Wu-ling of the Chao, but he now controls this country, this must mean that King Wu-ling controls the corollary land, metaphorically under that of the living country to which it seems they refer. The idea of karma, that a person would be judged by their actions, whether they be morally right or wrong is and idea obviously intrinsic to the Buddhist faith; the belief [t]hat the acts were judged, and the appropriate retribution assigned, in a nether-world court administered by an extensive staff of officials and their assistants is, however, a feature uniquely Chinese (Gjertson #1, 143). In a tale taken from Tang Lins Ming-pao chi for example, a man if brought before a judge of the underworld and accused of cooking six eggs as well as killing two ducks and two oxen, for this, the judge decides, he should be punished. The man protests, crying out loudly, This office is being grossly unjust! (Gjertson #2, 301) The man explains that they have not heard his good deeds, and since the judicial system is indeed a fair one, they are heard, but still his evil deeds outweigh his good, and he is sentenced. This clearly exemplifies the idea of a Chinese judicial system governing the popular Chinese Buddhist workings of karma. In conclusion, the Buddhist religion has proved that it can accommodate in many ways, the Chinese people. Upon its arrival in China it satisfied a need of the people for a new religion under which to unite at the tragic fall of an empire. During this turbulent period in China, two major developments took place in Buddhism. One group consisting mostly of the sophisticated gentry dwelled on the philosophical and mystical aspects of Buddhism, while the other group dominated by rural farmers followed Buddhism in their own superstitious and simple ways imparting to it in the process a peculiar Chinese character. Buddhism stretched even more to allow for translation using Taoist terminology because the Chinese language did not possess a conceptual apparatus adequate for the abstract thought of Buddhism. The use of these familiar Taoist concepts contributed significantly to the spread of Buddhism in China. Buddhist teaching were changed in many ways to accommodate traditional Chinese sensibilities, but the religion changed China as well, leaving in its wake years of rich culture and traditional Buddhist writings that no longer exist in their original Indian form. Works Cited (#1) Gjertson, Donald. Popular Buddhism and Karmic Retribution. Also Sui Jen-chien, Kung Ko, and Chang Fa-i. From Miraculous Retribution: A Study and Translation of Tang Lins Ming-pao chi, Berkeley: University of California Berkeley, Berkeley Buddhist Study Series Volume 8, 1989. (#2) Gjertson, Donald. The Early Chinese Buddhist Miracle Tale: A Preliminary Survey, in The Journal of the American Oriental Society 101.3, 1981. Jin, Shunde. Buddhism In China. (handout for Chinese 231 Traditional Chinese Culture, Ohio State University, 1998). http://www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/deall/jin.3/c231/handouts/h10.htm Wikipedia. Buddhism in China. Local Interpretation of Indian Texts. Updated: 3/31/2004. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_China#Relation_to_Confucianism _and_Daoism

A History of Schlumberger

A History of Schlumberger Introduction Schlumberger is one of the world’s largest oil and gas industry. Where Schlumberger employs roughly 123,000 people in their company which representing over 140 nationalities and also working in more than 85 countries. It has its principal offices in Houston, Paris and Hague. Furthermore, Schlumberger provide the widest range of products in the industry and also the service from exploration through production. Hence, Schlumberger not just an innovation company but also invent, design, engineer, and apply technologies which help customers to find and produce oil and gas more efficient and safe. Schlumberger was founded in 1926 by the French brothers called Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger as the Electric prospecting company. They recorded the first-ever electrical resistivity well log also called borehole log which enable the recording of geologic formations penetrated by the borehole, in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn of France in 1927. In 1929, the company starts to grow quickly and logged its first well in the California, United States. Also they logged their first electrical logging in Japan in 1936. Schlumberger invested heavily in research industries, and it inaugurating the Schlumberger Research Center in Ridgefield, United States. In 1956, Schlumberger Limited was incorporated to hold the shares of multiple companies as a holding company for all Schlumberger businesses. Later on, Schlumberger continued to expand over years. In 1960, they formed Dowell Schlumberger consists of half of Schlumberger and half of Dow Chemical which expert in pumping services for oil industry. In 1962, the Schlumberger Limited appeared in the list on the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world. Meanwhile, Schlumberger purchased an electronic instruments manufacturer, Daystorm in South Boston, Virginia which was sold to Sperry Hutchinson in 1971. In 1964, Schlumberger also purchased 50% of Forex and then created the Neptune Drilling Company by merging Forex with 50% of Languedocienne. The first computerized reservoir analysis program SARABAND, was introduced n the year of 1970. The remaining half of Forex was purchased by the following year, the name Neptune was changed to Forex Neptune Drilling Company. In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument also joined the Schlumberger Limited included Fairchild Semiconductor. In 1981, Schlumberger also established its first international data links with e-mail. In 1983, Cambridge Research Center in Cambridge, England was inaugurated by Schlumberger and later on it was renamed as Schlumberger Gould Research Center after Andrew Gould, the former CEO of Schlumberger. In 1984, the SEDCO drilling company and 50% of Dowell of North America were purchased. Then Anadrill drilling segment was created by combining Dowell and The Analysts’ drilling segments. In 1985, Forex Neptune was merged with SEDCO to form the Sedco Forex Drilling Company and Schlumberger acquired Merlin and half of GECO at the meanwhile. In 1987, Schlumberger successfully complete their purchase on Neptune from North America, Bosco and Cori from Itali, and Allmess from Germany. Meanwhile, Fairchild Semiconductor under Schlumberger was acquired by National Semiconductor for 122 million dollars. In 1991, Schlumberger also purchased PRAKLA-SEISMOS and first created the use of geosteering to drill a borehole well more effectively. In 1992, Schlumberger purchased the software company GeoQuest System. In the 1990s Schlumberger also bought out the petroleum division, AEG meter and the ECLIPSE reservoir study team Intera Tehnologies Corporation. Furthermore, Oilphase and Camco International were also acquired by Schlumberger. Then a joint venture was formed between Schlumberger and Cable Wireless created Omnes, they will handle all Schlumberger’s internal IT business. In 2000, WesternGeco was created by merging Geco-Prakla division and Western Geophysical which Schlumberger held a stake of 70% and remaining for its competitor Baker Hughes. In the same year, Sedco Forex was left and merged with Transocean Drilling company. In 2001, Schlumberger spend 5.2 billion dollars to acquire the IT consultancy company Sema plc. In 2004, Schlumberger Business Consulting act as the companys management consultancy arm was launched. In 2005, Waterloo Hydrogeologic was acquired by Schlumberger which was followed by a few other groundwater industry related companies, for example Westbay Instruments and Van Essen Instruments. Schlumberger also relocated its corporate offices from New York to Houston. In 2006, Schlumberger complete purchased the remaining 30% of WesternGeco from its competitor Baked Hughes for 2.4 billion dollars. In the same year, the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center was moved to a newly built facility in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The facility united few other research centers run by the company in Cambridge, England; Moscow, Russia; Stavanger, Norway; and Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. In 2010, Schlumberger announced the acquisition of Smith International in an all stock deal priced at 11.3 billion dollars. This is the highest purchase in Schlumberger history. Schlumberger also announced planning to acquire the French-based company Geoservices which specialized in energy services, at the cost of 1.1 billion dollars with debt included. Schlumberger becomes the world leading oilfield company because of it can perform complete service in its field, including reservoir scouting, characterization, high technology drilling system, own production group and so on. Schlumberger owns a lots of daughter company which specialized in different field, and providing solutions. It also invested heavily in different research companies who improve high performance drilling equipments which can endure high pressure and temperature during drilling process. Sun Zi’s Art of War Theory Moral influence refers to measures and policies that align the people with the sovereign so as to be in complete agreement and harmony with each other. Weather refers to the contrasting changes of night and day, the coldness of winter and the heat of summer, and seasonal changes. Terrain means by distance, whether the ground is traversed with ease or difficulty, whether it is open or constricted and the chances of life or death (of an army). Generalship refer as the general’s qualities wisdom, trustworthiness, benevolence, courage and discipline. Doctrine law Refer to organization and control, management systems and procedures, and the command and control structure for the deployment of resources SWOT Analysis Strengths Schlumberger is the world’s largest leading oilfield services providers and one the global market leader in it industry which brings many benefits to it company. Generally, Schlumberger possess good company names, economies of scale, higher margins, revenues and other substantial benefits. Schlumberger not just the top 1 biggest oilfield services company, but also company that worldwide recognize in the oilfield industry. For example, Schlumberger ranked in the top 50 of the Engineering category of â€Å" The 2012 World’s Most Attractive Employers† that reflects all the students and professionals will try to seek job opportunities with the company. Besides that, Schlumberger also a company that consist excellent technology that strengthen the company’s name. Hence, it has technology innovation with 125 research and engineering facilities worldwide. It place strong importance on the developing innovation technology that increase the quality of product. In example, Schlumberger firmly holds their professionalism through years of experience in it field which to fulfil the customer needs and satisfaction by using its strong technologies. In addition, it creates more stable business and more likely to obtain other businesses as opportunities comes. Furthermore, Schlumberger has strong research capabilities which they always invested significant time and money on research and engineering as a long-term strategy to support and to expand their technology leadership. Schlumberger increase their services, products, tools, and equipment to maximize and extend production for the life of the reservoir. Schlumberger supplies various products and services including seismic, drilling services, well testing, well completions, subsea production, well production, and well intervention. Based from world energy news, Schlumberger generated 10.67 billion dollars in oil field services revenue with year to year increasing of eight percent. With these kind of technologies that Schlumberger can kind provide, it able to highly strength their company income and also it can evolve to superior technology in days to come. In a nut shell, the deep knowledge of exploration and production that gained through more than 80 years of experience by Schlumberger enable it to have much higher company standard in oil and gas industry. With the company’s history, it consist a strong brand equity with worldwide recognition. Thus, the deep knowledge that gain the company but as the company obtain a great profits and revenues that have empower the company to achieve one the world’s leading oilfield company. Weaknesses Schlumberger is a company with many strength as in the oilfield industry. But doesn’t mean it don’t have any weaknesses in its field. Schlumberger have daughter companies over 140 nationalities, which give it a wide range of production and exploration. But with so many daughter companies, there is lots of possibility an error can occur in certain company. It is hard to tracking down the progress in each of the daughter company. For example, in certain daughter company may consist of drilling failure. This may cause inconvenience not just to the customer but also the company itself. On the other hand, there also legal issues involve with Schlumberger with the accusation of fracking price. According to the Bloomberg news, where the company were sued over claims Schlumberger and other oilfield industry which Halliburton and Baker Hughes collaborated to raise prices and crush oilfield service competitors in the booming U.S. market for hydraulic fracturing services. Therefore, with this kind of legal issue involve with the company will affected on the company’s good name and may worsen some relationship with certain company collaboration. Schlumberger may also contain another weakness that is not active in social media besides facebook and twitter. The company doesn’t use much of the social media to evolve their company’s name. For example, the company doesn’t promote much of commercialize video on it new innovative technologies or production to fascinate viewer or even new customers. Therefore, without increase the participation of social media will influence the good name of the company. Schlumberger announce for the full year result of oil field services in year 2013, land revenue decline 2% in the North America Area. Where land businesses experience some weakness in drilling, stimulation and wireline services. The cause of the weakness can be related to the company’s innovation technology has reach its limit. Hence, this kind of inconvenience the company facing would lead to decline revenues. The company able to increased service concentration, improve efficiency, market share gains, and new advanced technology. Opportunities Schlumberger consist plenty opportunities based from the company global market leader in the oil field industry. The company can acquire higher percentage of oil discovery. The company technologies additional innovative workflows, advance software, and technical experts to help the company clients to enhance characteristics of uncertain exploration. Thus the company deep understanding of the geology of their prospective areas which the company exploration crew can extract the maximum value from their exploration asset. Moreover, Schlumberger also have acquisitions by buying out their competitor which the company could offer a higher level of project management and integrated solution for oil and gas companies. While others individual suppliers involved with exploration and production add excessive cost that increase complexities. As an alternative, Schlumberger decided to work on that by broadening its technical capacity and also approach greater integration capabilities. Schlumberger also have better exposed to expand in international markets rather than their competitor. For example, Schlumberger exposure to Gulf of Mexico proved to be important, aiding the 3 percent revenue growth in North America. While Schlumberger also has been awarded an 18 moth multiple services contract by Oil India for designing, drilling, and completing six horizontal wells. Where Schlumberger consist of high probability making a bigger foray into other countries in the near future. Besides that, Schlumberger contain the peak of increasing oil supply which will happen in the future. This enable increasing the demand for oil extracting companies and outlying technologies that can discover oil in difficult locations. Manufacture of oil from coal and natural gas is potential benefits of peak in oil supplies which Schlumberger gained. In future, the importance of oil will increase and the demand for these sources will be more expensive. Threats Schlumberger have one of the best technology in the oil field services industry. Thus, the company maintain the service industry’s longest commitment to technology and innovation. But there are many challenges ahead towards the company that highly competition with other oil field services companies, with great technology in the company that some customers will need to consider on the budget. Because great quality also comes with a high price. Therefore, other competitor may provide much average technology cheaper budget that can already satisfy the technologies needed of several customers. Hence, that will enable the competitor to attract some the Schlumberger’s previous customer to dealt further businesses with competitor. Schlumberger will not only deal with other oil field services companies of the budget on technologies but also the products and services of the company. Where Schlumberger’s competitor Halliburton supplies oil and gas companies equipment and service that helps extract unprocessed oil and gas from the ground. Hence, they may offer the same products and services which also allow easier attract of new customer. Plus they will analyse and came up with new innovation technology to deal with Schlumberger. Furthermore, Schlumberger also concern about economic slowdown occur on it company. For example, the SchlumbergerSema revenue of 870 million USD for the quarter decreased 3 percent consecutively as a result of a 17 percent decrease in Cards revenue following lower demand in Europe. This economic slowdown can cause weak oil and gas demand and also will influence the pricing reduction in the company worldwide rig. In addition, it will also effect on the company’s production and exploration spending. In order to overcome economic slowdown, one of the method is by expand the company areas and attract new customer to sustain the company’s business which able to use various type of business commercialization strategies. Apart from that, the energy producers rising costs for raw materials such as steel had help Schlumberger contributed to 120 percent growth in production and exploration spending between year 2004 and 2007.Schlumberger also concern regarding the high energy prices have prompted governments worldwide to increase taxes and change investment terms to producer’s profits to gain a bigger share. Which can cause underinvestment and simply exacerbate the problems for the company. Conclusion Today Schlumberger is the world’s largest oilfield services provider, with employees representing over 140 nationalities. The company rapidly developed international origins and a worldwide presence, becoming the leading provider of subsurface surveys. Schlumberger is faithful to its legacy of technological innovation. After initially leading the industry with its subsurface survey methods, the company now offer a wide portfolio of leading technologies to meet the needs of our customers in the oil and gas industry. Schlumberger has grown both organically and through outside acquisitions. Along with new technologies and opportunities. Certainly, Knowledge, technological innovation and a truly global workforce remain the symbols of Schlumberger today. Based from the whole process, Schlumberger is the global market leader in oil and gas industry that consist a strong business strategies plan. The company is accurate in grasping the opportunities with their leading innovative technologies. Hence expand the company’s exploration and production and improve their revenue in the global market. Besides that, the company also amplifying their company by using the history of the company and the excellent name in their industry to maintain their leadership in global market. In fact, Schlumberger committed to providing services and products that enhance their customer’s performance. Schlumberger delivers excellence to their customers which the company treat all their customers in a consistent and transparent way. With their extensive experience in developing and deploying innovative technology solutions, its enable to maintain the satisfaction of the customer and also shareholders. Furthermore, Schlumberger also enable to maintain a greater oil service between their competitor with the company understand and support the direction ahead. In other hand, the company strongly apply service focus, continuous improvement, and self- development. Lastly, Schlumberger consist of a strong integrity which the company recognize the boundaries and have the courage to act responsibly and sincerely. Decision making is one the company integrity, the company observe the right time and also the risk before move forward to a certain exploration and production. The high responsibility also holds firmly by the company to able to gained greater trust from collaboration group and customers.

Dickens Criticism of the 1834 Poor Law in Oliver Twist Essay -- Charl

Dickens' Criticism of the 1834 Poor Law in Oliver Twist Dickens criticised the 1834 poor law in many different ways within the first five chapters. He does this firstly by cleverly portraying the Victorians attitudes towards the poor. He does this in chapter 1 by referring to Oliver as 'the item of mortality' suggesting how lowly his position in society is. Also the difficulty of Oliver's birth and the fact his mother dies, gives us some idea of the dangers of child birth in Victorian society and the amount of negligence his mother receives from the surgeon. Another way he shows the attitudes towards the poor is by describing the unfeeling and clearly drunk nurse who was 'tasting in the corner' instead of taking care of Oliver and his dying mother. Dickens characterisation is another form of criticism he gives the poor law. He gives the characters names which reflect the type of person they are and the lives they lead. He does this very well in chapters two and three where he describes Mrs Mann. He describes her as nothing but a common thief that steels money from...

Henry Moore Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many sculptors have come and gone over the years, leaving light traces or none at all of their presence in the sculpture realm. Henry Moore does not fit into either of these two categories. Because of his original style and techniques, Henry Moore has made a dramatic effect in present day sculpting. He has opened many doors for practicing artists in a sense that was not portrayed prior to his era. Henry Moore combined his childhood experiences with his interactions between other artists to develop his distinguishing style of sculpting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry Moore was born in Castleford, Yorkshire on July 30,1898. He was the seventh of eight children to Raymond and Mary Moore. His father, Raymond Moore, worked at a local mining ore while his mother stayed at home tending Henry and his siblings. Henry first developed an interest for art while attending Sunday school. He specifically remembered a talk on Michelangelo, which initiated his interest in sculpting. Henry’s teachers all through secondary school encouraged his interest in the art field.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Henry Moore graduated from school, he was not too sure what he wanted to do with his life. His father preferred him to become a teacher, a social advance for children in mining villages. Moore pondered the thought of becoming a teacher and eventually fell into the field after there was a teacher shortage in 1914 due to people being called up for selected services. Moore spent three miserable years as a teacher before he was called up to Civil Services Rifles. The Civil Service Rifles was much more enjoyable for Moore and he would later write to his father about his pleasurable experiences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While fighting battles in France, Moore was injured and sent back to England to be hospitalized. Following the war, Moore was given a grant to further his education at Leeds School of Art. Moore received a scholarship to transfer from Leeds to Royal College of Art (RCA) in London, a more prestigious art institute. After Henry Moore’s graduation from RCA in 1924, he traveled to Italy to study a different culture’s artwork. His exposure to Italian artwork provided Moore with different views on the meaning of â€Å"art†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1926, Moore returned to RCA and took up teachin... ...culpture, Moore reenacts the moments right before death. This type of situation is probably something Moore can relate to because of his experiences in WWI.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry Moore left an everlasting impact on the world of art. The way he conveyed his emotions and feelings into his subject matter is inspirational to all who view his work. Moore introduced a new style of sculpting that defined the use of shape and rhythm. Moore’s artwork while be a model for future aspiring artists who want to explore new forms of sculpting. Bibliography Andrews, Julian. Henry Moore: Sculpting the 20th Century. Dallas: Yale University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press, 2001. Moore, Henry. Henry Moore: My Ideas, Inspirations, and Life as an Artist. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collins and Brown. 1999. Green, Perry. Henry Moore: Biography. 2001. 19 October 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Wallis, Anthony. Henry Moore. 2001. 15 October 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.casandpont.freeserve.co.uk/moore.htm.

The Life of Queen Elizabeth I Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Life of Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth was born in Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533. She died on March 24, 1603, of natural causes. Her father was Henry VII. His second wife, Anne Boleyn was Elizabeth's mother. King Henry wanted a son, but received a daughter, instead, from his second wife. Before Elizabeth's third birthday, Henry had her mother beheaded on charges of adultery and treason. Elizabeth was brought up in a separate household at Hatfield (not known). King Henry's third wife gave birth to a son. This boy was named Edward. Edward was declared first in line for King Henry's throne, while Mary (Daughter of Henry's first wife) was declared second, and Elizabeth was declared third and last in line for the throne. Elizabeth received a thorough education that was normally reserved for men. She was taught by special tutors of whom, the most known, was a Cambridge humanist by the name of Roger Ascham. Roger Ascham wrote about Elizabeth, "Her mind has no womanly weakness. Her perseverance is equal to that of a man and her memory long keeps what it quickly picks up. With the help of these tutors, she was not only fluent in two languages, but in four languages. She was fluent in the languages of Greek, Latin, French, and Italian. When Henry died in 1547, her brother, Edward, took over the throne at ten years of age. Edward, with a short reign on the throne, died in 1553, and Elizabeth's half, older sister, Mary took the throne. Mary, like Edward, died on November 17, 1558, after a short time on the throne.In October 1562, Queen Elizabeth almost died of small pox. In 1584, Europe's other major protestant leader, William of Orange, was assassinat... ...ious, and economic forces and over her representation of herself began to show severe strains. Bad harvests, continued inflation, and unemployment caused strain and a loss of public morale. Charge of corruption and greed led to widespread popular hatred of the Queen's favourite, to whom she had given large and much-resented monopolies. Queen Elizabeth continued to make brilliant speeches, to exercise her authority. But she suffered from bouts of melancholy, ill health, and showed signs of increasing debility. As Sir Walter Raleigh remarked, "a lady surprised by time." On march 24, 1603, having reportedly indicated JAMES VI as her successor, Queen Elizabeth died quietly. The nation accepted the new King quite enthusiastically. But long before her death, she had transformed herself into a powerful image of female authority.

Defenders Of Art And Life Differ On Everything In Between

In Robert Browning's â€Å"Fra Lippo Lippi†, a 15th century painter discusses the illogic of his patrons who want him to paint less of the real world—in turn for more spiritually uplifting scenes.   This poem gives Browning a platform to put forward his philosophy on art, which holds equal respect for the high and the low alike.   Similarly, in â€Å"Why The Novel Matters†, D. H. Lawrence forms a postulation that there is more to life than just the label of â€Å"spirit†.   But he goes further to say that there is a difference between that which is alive, and that which is inanimate.He contends life is more important—and a well-written novel is the equivalent of life.   He puts novels on a pedestal, while everything else is lesser than the living things.   Browning's character Lippi, however, while also detesting the barrier of the word â€Å"spirit† , does not go so far as to say the material mortar of the world is somehow more imp ortant than the soul.   He merely defends its equivalence.   He does not believe his paintings are more important than living things; he believes that they share equal value.Although Lawrence is willing to include the human body in with the word â€Å"spirit†Ã¢â‚¬â€he draws a line at the fingertips, and calls everything else (except for the novel) of lesser substance; alternately, Lippi is more liberal in his view, for he does not dwell overlong on the delineation between life and immaterial things—but just on their symbiosis.   Ultimately, Lippi is more humble about his art and life in general.For Lippi, painting for his patrons is only half of a life: carousing about town is the other part.   This is why he regularly escapes for release from the dogged work.   Although the religious service is a career for him, he cannot sustain it without proper romps on the town.   Therefore, by living in worlds both saintly and debauched, Lippi is able to see through the Prior's facade, when he is asked to only paint the spirit—not the body.   The Prior says: â€Å"Your business is not to catch men with show †¦Ã‚   Your business is to paint the souls of men† (Lines 175-184).   Lippi, however, would rather include everything in his art, and therefore more accurately reflect the world—and make better use of art.   â€Å"Now is this sense, I ask?†(198) Lippi says.â€Å"Why can't a painter lift each foot in turn, †¦ Make his flesh liker and his soul more like †¦ You should not take a fellow eight years old / And make him swear to never kiss the girls.†(224-225).   Lippi rails against simplifying existence into a word or an image: â€Å"The world and life's too big to pass for a dream †¦Ã‚   The only good of grass is to make chaff†(251-257).   Lippi cannot settle for a narrow view of the order of things—while Lawrence only partly concedes that there is more to â€Å"spiri t† than just vapor.  Lawrence contests that life's ether is as vital as the shell—and by singling out, labeling—or falsely idolizing any one part of its essence, we are hindering ourselves from fully living.   For instance, Lawrence rants on the fallacy of labels: â€Å"We think of ourselves as a body with a spirit in it †¦ Mens sana in corpore sano.   The years drink up the wine, and at last throw the bottle away, the body, of course, being the bottle†(2446).   Indeed, Lippi's dead shell of a horse is Lawrence's empty bottle of spirits—and the two of them seem to agree that definitions of the â€Å"spirit† are just distractions from the truth of existence.Lawrence, however, sets aside one exception, being that the Bible itself, when read as an entire piece, achieves some spirit similar to that of the humankind: â€Å"The Bible †¦Ã‚   [It sets] the whole tree trembling with a new access of life, [it does] not just stimulate growth in one direction†(2448).   Herein lies one key difference, then, between Lippi and Lawrence, which is that Lawrence makes exception for the novel as being at the rank of a living entity—while Lippi does not go so far as to suggest that art is exclusive from the rest of the lifeless world, although he does believe it is as important as life.   After all, Lawrence says the novel can â€Å"make the whole man alive tremble.Which is more than poetry, philosophy, science, or any other book-tremulation can do†(2448).   Moreover, while he does not specifically call out painting as one of the lesser â€Å"tremulations†, it seems safe to say this is implied—since he even excludes poetry from his sacred circle of life—which, ironically, is the medium through which Browning's Lippi is experienced.   In contrast, Lippi says that life's everyday details are â€Å"better, painted—better to us †¦ Art was given for that†(300 -304).—and again, Lippi does not put art above life—only beside it.   He says: â€Å"Do you feel thankful, aye or no, / For this fair town's face, yonder river's line, †¦ What's it all about? / To be passed over, despised? or dwelt upon†(286-291).Of course, Lawrence, does distinguish the particularization of his own body, and how each part is equal to the whole—but nothing beyond himself: â€Å"Why should I imagine that there is a me which is more me than my hand is?†(2446).   But Lawrence's â€Å"me alive† theory excludes the static objects of the order of things as merely props—that are not to be confused with life or novels.Ultimately, Lippi sees no place for the soul without the bodily elements, and rhetorically argues: â€Å"What need of art at all? A skull and bones, / Two bits of stick nailed crosswise†(321).   Lawrence, however, sees the various mediums of communication as â€Å"words and thoughts and sighs and aspirations that fly from [us], they are so many tremulations in the ether†(2447).   Lawrence merely concedes that the lifeless elements are â€Å"tremulations† that may â€Å"reach another man alive† and â€Å"he may receive them into his life, and his life may take on a new color†(2447).So, while Lawrence agrees with Lippi that the baser elements are important, he goes on at length to flesh out the reasons why life and the novel are substantially more important:   â€Å"All things that are alive are amazing.   And all things that are dead are subsidiary to the living†(2447).   He builds a wall between life and the novel—and the rest of existence: â€Å"I, who am man alive, am greater than my soul†(2447).   In this way then, while Lawrence agrees with Lippi that the parts cannot be distinguished from the whole, without excluding the essence—he differs in that he goes further to impose a privileged position upon th e energy of life and novels, whereas Lippi simply thinks that art and the lesser units ought to have equal exposure in the spotlight life.So Lawrence is circular in his theory, insisting â€Å"spirit† is limiting in its language—while touting the transcending power of the novel.   Indeed, despite arguing that limitations abound under labels, and that any â€Å"particular direction ends in a cul-de-sac†(2448)–Lawrence is still making divisions: â€Å"A character in a novel has got to live, or it is nothing†¦.   We likewise, in life have got to live, or we are nothing†(2449).  Ã‚   Plus, he is proud of his specialness as an artist, in a way that Lippi is too humble ever to approach: â€Å"Being a novelist, I consider myself superior to the saint, the scientist, the philosopher, and the poet, who are all great masters of different bits of man alive, but never get the whole hog†(2448).Ultimately then, at the root of their respective p hilosophies on art and life, Lippi is more adverse to divisions of all kinds, not putting himself or his art above the world, put equal to it.   One senses that he is not likely anymore proud of himself than the subjects he paints about, while Lawrence is more proud of the novels he writes than the objects described in them.